Cannabis has been used for centuries, but only recently have we begun to truly understand why it affects our bodies the way it does. The key lies in cannabinoids—natural compounds found in the cannabis plant. Two of the most well-known are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol).
Whether you're curious about cannabis for medical relief or simply want to understand how it interacts with your body, this beginner’s guide breaks down the basics of how THC and CBD work.
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS)—a complex cell-signaling network in the human body that helps regulate essential functions like mood, pain, sleep, appetite, memory, and immune response.
The ECS includes:
THC and CBD are phytocannabinoids, meaning they come from plants. When you consume cannabis, these compounds interact with your ECS in different ways.
THC is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. It’s what causes the “high” associated with marijuana use.
THC binds directly to CB1 receptors, which are mainly found in the brain and central nervous system.
This interaction alters perception, mood, memory, and coordination.
Common Effects:
Medical Uses:
CBD is non-psychoactive—it won’t get you high—but it still plays a powerful role in the body.
CBD doesn’t bind strongly to CB1 or CB2 receptors.
Instead, it influences the ECS indirectly by interacting with enzymes, receptors, and other signaling systems in the body (like serotonin and vanilloid receptors).
Common Effects:
Medical Uses:
Feature THC CBD
Psychoactive Yes (causes a high) No
Receptor Target Binds directly to CB1 and CB2 Indirect effects on ECS
Legal Status Federally illegal in U.S. (some states legal) Legal if derived from hemp (<0.3% THC)
Medical Uses Pain, nausea, appetite, muscle spasm Anxiety, epilepsy, inflammation
Side Effects Euphoria, dry mouth, paranoia Drowsiness, changes in appetite
Yes. In fact, THC and CBD can work synergistically—a phenomenon known as the “entourage effect.” CBD may help balance some of THC’s more intense effects (like anxiety or paranoia), while enhancing therapeutic benefits when used together.
THC and CBD are just two of over 100 cannabinoids in the cannabis plant—but they’re the most studied and widely used. Understanding how they work gives you the power to make informed decisions, whether you're exploring cannabis for wellness, medical use, or simply curiosity.
As research evolves and cannabis becomes more widely accepted, knowing the basics of cannabinoids is a smart first step. Always consult with a healthcare provider, especially if you're using cannabis for medical reasons or combining it with other medications.
